[国富论–亚当斯密].Smith,.Adam.-.The.Wealth.Of.Nations.pdf

Chapter II. Of the Principle which gives occasion to
the Division of Labour………………………………………………………………..29
Chapter III. That the Division of Labour is limited by
the Extent of the Market…………………………………………………………….35
Chapter IV. Of the Origin and Use of Money……………………………..41
Chapter V. Of the Real and Nominal Price of
Commodities, or their Price in Labour, and their Price
in Money…………………………………………………………………………………….50
Chapter VI.Of the Component Parts of the Price of
Commodities………………………………………………………………………………73
Chapter VII. Of the Natural and Market Price of
Commodities………………………………………………………………………………83
Chapter VIII. Of the Wages of Labour ……………………………………..96
Chapter IX. Of the Profits of Stock …………………………………………127
Chapter X. Of Wages and Profit in the different

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Employments of Labour and Stock ………………………………………….142
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………. 143
Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments
themselves……………………………………………………………………………………. 143
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
Inequalities by the Policy of Europe………………………………………………….. 169
Chapter XI. Of the Rent of Land ……………………………………………..203
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………. 206
Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent ……………………………… 206
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………. 227
Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes
does not, afford Rent ……………………………………………………………………… 227
PART 3……………………………………………………………………………………………. 245
Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective
Values of that Sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of
that which sometimes does and sometimes does not afford Rent …………….. 245
Digression Concerning The Variations In The Value Of Silver
During The Course Of The Four Last Centuries ………………………………. 248
First Period……………………………………………………………………………… 248
Second Period ………………………………………………………………………….. 267
Third Period ……………………………………………………………………………. 269
Variations In The Proportion Between The Respective Values
Of Gold And Silver ……………………………………………………………………. 292

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Grounds Of The Suspicion That The Value Of Silver Still
Continues To Decrease……………………………………………………………….. 299
Different Effects Of The Progress Of Improvement Upon
Three Different Sorts Of Rude Produce………………………………………….. 301
First Sort…………………………………………………………………………………. 301
Second Sort……………………………………………………………………………… 304
Third Sort……………………………………………………………………………….. 317
Conclusion Of The Digression Concerning The Variations In
The Value Of Silver …………………………………………………………………… 330
Effects Of The Progress Of Improvement Upon The Real
Price Of Manufactures………………………………………………………………… 337
Conclusion Of The Chapter …………………………………………………………. 344
Book Two: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and
Employment of Stock ………………………………………………………………359
Chapter I. Of the Division of Stock…………………………………………..363
Chapter II. Of Money Considered as a Particular
Branch of the General Stock of the Society, or of the
Expense of Maintaining the National Capital …………………………..374
Chapter III. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of
Productive and Unproductive Labour ……………………………………..438
Chapter IV. Of Stock Lent at Interest………………………………………465
Chapter V. Of the Different Employment of Capitals……………….477

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Book Three: Of the Different Progress of Opulence in
Different Nations ……………………………………………………………………..499
Chapter I. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence ………………………500
Chapter II. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in
the ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman
Empire ……………………………………………………………………………………..507
Chapter III. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and
Towns after the Fall of the Roman Empire ………………………………523
Chapter IV. How the Commerce of the Towns
Contributed to the Improvement of the Country……………………..538
Book Four: Of Systems of Political Economy …………………………..556
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..557
Chapter I. Of the Principle of the Commercial, or
Mercantile System ……………………………………………………………………558
Chapter II. Of Restraints upon the Importation from
Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be produced at
Home………………………………………………………………………………………..589
Chapter III. Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the
Importation of Goods of almost all kinds from those
Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be
disadvantageous……………………………………………………………………….617
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………. 617
Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the
Principles of the Commercial System ………………………………………………… 617

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Digression Concerning Banks Of Deposit, Particularly
Concerning That Of Amsterdam …………………………………………………… 625
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………. 639
Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon
other Principles……………………………………………………………………………… 639
Chapter IV. Of Drawbacks……………………………………………………….654
Chapter V.Of Bounties …………………………………………………………….662
DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE CORN TRADE AND
CORN LAWS …………………………………………………………………………… 686
Chapter VI. Of Treaties of Commerce ……………………………………..715
Chapter VII. Of Colonies………………………………………………………….732
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………. 732
Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies …………………………………….. 732
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………. 744
Causes of Prosperity of New Colonies……………………………………………….. 744
PART 3……………………………………………………………………………………………. 780
Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery
of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the
Cape of Good Hope ……………………………………………………………………….. 780
Chapter VIII. Conclusion of the Mercantile System ………………..852
Chapter IX. Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those
Systems of Political Economy which represent the
Produce of Land as either the sole or the principal
Source of the Revenue and Wealth every Country……………………880

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Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………….917
Book Five: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or
Commonwealth ………………………………………………………………………..921
Chapter I. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or
Commonwealth ………………………………………………………………………..922
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………. 922
Of the Expense of Defence………………………………………………………………. 922
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………. 946
Of the Expense of Justice………………………………………………………………… 946
PART 3……………………………………………………………………………………………. 963
Of the Expense of Public Works and Public Institutions ……………………….. 963
ARTICLE 1………………………………………………………………………………………. 964
Of the Public Works and Institutions for facilitating the
Commerce of the Society And, first, of those which are
necessary for facilitating Commerce in general. ………………………………….. 964
Of the Public Works and Institutions which are necessary for
facilitating particular Branches of Commerce. …………………………………….. 976
ARTICLE II ……………………………………………………………………………………..1013
Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth………………..1013
ARTICLE III…………………………………………………………………………………….1049
Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of
all Ages……………………………………………………………………………………….1049

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PART 4……………………………………………………………………………………………1088
Of the Expense of Supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign …………………..1088
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………1088
Chapter II. Of the Sources of the General or Public
Revenue of the Society……………………………………………………………1091
PART 1……………………………………………………………………………………………1091
Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may peculiarly
belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth ………………………………………..1091
PART 2……………………………………………………………………………………………1103
Of Taxes ……………………………………………………………………………………..1103
ARTICLE I ………………………………………………………………………………………1107
Taxes upon Rent. Taxes upon the Rent of Land…………………………………..1107
Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the
Produce of Land………………………………………………………………………..1119
Taxes upon the Rent of Houses …………………………………………………….1124
ARTICLE II ……………………………………………………………………………………..1135
Taxes on Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock………………………1135
Taxes upon as Profit of particular Employments ……………………………..1142
Appendix to ARTICLES I and II. ………………………………………………………….1151
Taxes upon the Capital Value of Land, Houses, and Stock…………………….1151
ARTICLE III…………………………………………………………………………………….1159
Taxes upon the Wages of Labour ……………………………………………………..1159